One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1, House-engrossed text)

Benefit formula

The cost-neutral reevaluation rule can hold the Thrifty Food Plan below a counterfactual methodological update even while annual CPI-U indexation continues; it is not a nominal benefit freeze.

Eligibility and access

Wider work-rule coverage, a county unemployment waiver test above 10 percent, fewer discretionary exemptions, and narrower noncitizen eligibility can reduce participation, but a caseload decline does not establish an employment gain.

State fiscal exposure

Beginning in fiscal year 2028, the ordinary State share of allotment costs is 5 percent and rises to 15, 20, or 25 percent at payment-error rates of at least 6, 8, or 10 percent; §10007 separately changes the referenced administrative-reimbursement percentage from 50 to 25 percent.

Agricultural program inputs

The selected rural sections change commodity reference prices and base acreage and provide specified conservation and trade-promotion funds, but statutory funding or acreage authority does not establish producer participation, exports, conservation delivery, or downstream outcomes.

State SNAP agencies

States must integrate eligibility and cross-program data, verify county waiver conditions and individual exceptions, issue notices, adjudicate disputes, and budget for a benefit-cost share that can move sharply with measured error rates.

USDA Food and Nutrition Service

FNS must publish and administer the Thrifty Food Plan methodology, operate the National Accuracy Clearinghouse expansion, measure State error rates consistently, and implement a zero-dollar quality-control tolerance without making unlike errors look equivalent.

Applicants and participating households

People subject to work rules, exception tests, household-member exclusions, or shelter-cost changes bear reporting and documentation burdens, and the text does not create a recurring measure that separates successful employment from administrative loss of benefits.

USDA agencies and agricultural participants

USDA must implement multiple commodity and rural-program changes with different allocation rules and timelines, while authorized acres or appropriated dollars may not translate directly into applications, obligations, delivered practices, or market outcomes.

Multiyear procurement authority

The title makes large, line-item appropriations available through fiscal year 2029, allowing procurement and industrial-base work to proceed outside ordinary annual appropriations, but obligations and contract awards can precede physical delivery by years.

Industrial-base financing

Section 20004 includes grants, purchase commitments, production-capacity investments, and a $500 million credit-program appropriation that may support up to $100 billion in direct-loan and guaranteed principal, shifting execution risk to project selection, subsidy estimates, and borrower demand.

Portfolio competition

Many separately specified weapon, facility, personnel, and technology lines must compete for a finite acquisition workforce and supplier base even though each has dedicated budget authority.

Department of Defense acquisition organizations

Program offices must contract, oversee, test, and accept a very large portfolio before funds expire while satisfying the title's planning, reporting, domestic-capacity, and oversight conditions.

Shipyards and defense suppliers

Workforce, dry-dock, component, energetic-material, critical-mineral, and second-source constraints can delay conversion of awards into production, and the bill does not supply a common delivery schedule across the portfolio.

Federal credit limits

For affected new periods beginning July 1, 2026, subsidized undergraduate lending and graduate or professional PLUS lending end, annual limits depend on program median cost, and new aggregate caps can create financing gaps, private-credit substitution, price pressure, or reduced enrollment.

Repayment transition

New borrowers receive a standard plan with a 10-, 15-, 20-, or 25-year term based on balance or the income-based Repayment Assistance Plan; RAP has a minimum payment, unpaid-interest protection, a principal match, and cancellation after 360 qualifying payments, so effects differ across borrowers.

Pell restriction and expansion

Pell eligibility restrictions can reduce conventional awards while Workforce Pell can add awards for 150-to-under-600-clock-hour, 8-to-under-15-week programs that satisfy Governor and Secretary findings, including completion, placement, and value tests.

Institutional risk sharing

Beginning with specified cohorts, an institution owes a reimbursement percentage multiplied by its cohort non-repayment balance, creating incentives to change prices, programs, admissions, or student support and a risk of selecting away from borrowers expected to repay less.

Department of Education

The Department must transition accounts, implement new plans and limits, calculate median cost, earnings, price, and cohort balances, link records, attribute consolidation loans, collect reimbursements, and publish rules on tight statutory timelines.

Institutions and States

Schools need cohort-level accounting and liquidity for reimbursements, while States must vet workforce programs and institutions may react through closures, repricing, or enrollment selection that the text does not directly constrain.

Students and servicers

Borrowers must navigate transition rules, grandfathered periods, new borrowing caps, and repayment choices, and the same rule can lower payments for one borrower while lengthening or raising them for another.

Rescission and repeal

The amount actually withdrawn depends on the unobligated balance when the provision operates, while repeal of funding authority can stop future awards without reversing every already-obligated project.

Regulatory baseline change

The named EPA and NHTSA rules would cease to govern the covered model years, changing manufacturer compliance obligations and likely vehicle technology choices, but the text supplies no emissions, fuel-use, or vehicle-price target.

New administrative throughput

Permitting, spectrum, and Federal IT provisions create new fees, deadlines, auctions, or funded activity, but authorizations and budget authority are not the same as completed infrastructure, spectrum deployment, or productivity gains.

Energy, environmental, transportation, and communications agencies

Agencies must identify unobligated balances, close or revise programs, reconcile named-rule repeals with remaining law, run permitting and spectrum processes, and define auditable IT deliverables across unrelated statutes.

Regulated firms and grant recipients

Firms and recipients face transition questions around already-obligated awards, model-year planning, construction timing, supply contracts, and permits whose treatment is not summarized by a single effective date.

Renewal and verification

Six-month redetermination and added verification can reduce ineligible enrollment and payments, but also create procedural coverage loss among eligible people.

State and provider financing

FMAP, provider-tax, directed-payment, and demonstration-neutrality rules can shift pressure to State budgets, providers, benefits, or enrollment administration; §44133 caps specified directed-payment rates at 100 percent of Medicare in expansion States and 110 percent elsewhere.

Community-engagement condition

Qualifying activity generally totals 80 hours per month; States should verify ex parte using reliable information such as payroll data and otherwise provide notice and a 30-day cure before denial or disenrollment.

Cost sharing

From October 1, 2028, specified above-poverty expansion adults face positive charges, subject to excluded services, a $35 item-or-service cap, and a 5-percent-of-family-income aggregate cap; providers may condition service on payment.

State Medicaid agencies

States need data matching, exception and medical-frailty determinations, notices, fair hearings, six-month renewals, provider-tax and payment crosswalks, and cost-sharing systems.

CMS and Exchanges

Federal administrators must issue guidance, oversee State financing, implement the 75-percent special-enrollment-period verification floor, and keep administrative measures comparable across States and years.

Beneficiaries and providers

People and providers bear documentation, appeal, payment, and coverage-continuity burdens that gross enrollment or outlay totals do not capture.

Institutional transfer

The SEC becomes responsible for transferred PCAOB functions, pending proceedings, intellectual property, and transition work, while employee transfer is permitted rather than guaranteed.

Funding constraint

The CFPB's referenced transfer cap changes from 12 percent to 5 percent, specified unobligated balances are capped, and excess Civil Penalty Fund and Financial Research Fund amounts move to the Treasury.

Securities and Exchange Commission

The SEC must set and execute the transfer within one year without interrupting inspections, standards, or pending enforcement, even though the title does not require every PCAOB employee to transfer.

CFPB and financial-research administrators

The fiscal effect depends on future expenses and unobligated or excess balances that the bill does not quantify, and the agencies must distinguish retained operating needs from amounts remitted to Treasury.

Capital and staffing authority

DHS and CBP receive multiyear budget authority for construction, hiring, training, vehicles, and technology, but obligation, completion, staffing, and operational-effect dates can differ substantially.

Intergovernmental reimbursement

The $12 billion State reimbursement program requires applications, evidence of eligible post-January 21, 2021 costs, and controls against duplicate reimbursement, shifting administrative work to both States and DHS.

Department of Homeland Security and Customs and Border Protection

The agencies must absorb unusually large construction, hiring, training, procurement, and grant workloads before funds expire even though the title supplies few common delivery milestones.

States and vendors

States must substantiate eligible costs and avoid duplication, while construction, surveillance, vehicle, and facility vendors face testing, acceptance, siting, workforce, and supply constraints.

Applicant fees

The fiscal year 2025 asylum fee is at least $1,000 and the initial employment-authorization fee is at least $550, with later CPI-U indexing and no waiver; collections can fund administration or flow to Treasury, while nonwaivability can reduce or delay filings among people unable to pay.

Enforcement capacity

EOIR, ICE, DHS, DOJ, and HHS receive multiyear funds for judges, staff, detention, transportation, removal, technology, facilities, prosecution, and child-related functions, but budget authority is not proof of hires, beds, completed cases, or removals.

Throughput dependencies

More detention and enforcement capacity can move cases and removals only if recruiting, training, court support, travel documents, receiving-country cooperation, custody standards, and litigation permit the intended throughput.

DHS, DOJ, HHS, and immigration courts

Agencies must recruit and train thousands of staff, procure and site capacity, integrate case systems, coordinate courts and custody, collect fees, and manage removal logistics before the appropriations expire.

Applicants, children, sponsors, and legal-service providers

Nonwaivable fees, repeated applications, screening, detention, and expedited processes create liquidity, documentation, representation, and due-process burdens whose quality is not captured by a throughput count.

State and local governments

Participating jurisdictions can receive funding, while other jurisdictions face different coordination or restriction effects, and the title does not reduce these divergent positions to one implementation model.

Evaluators

The text requires no stable recurring public performance series spanning fees, court staffing, detention, removals, and unaccompanied-child custody.

Mandatory offerings

The selected provisions create concrete sale counts, acreage requirements, and deadlines, but acres or parcels offered and timber volume sold are not the same as bids, extraction, generation, or harvest.

Infrastructure and fee authority

Reclamation receives nonreimbursable, no-match construction funds and Interior changes wind and solar charges, but the text does not state a common added-capacity target or a guaranteed revenue path.

Interior and Agriculture agencies

Agencies face overlapping leasing, land-use-plan, environmental-review, permitting, forest-plan, and fixed-deadline duties, while bidder demand can still limit awards, receipts, extraction, and harvest.

Bureau of Reclamation and project sponsors

Water projects require selection, design, permitting, and construction even though the title supplies no project list or single acre-foot or conveyance-capacity target.

Irrevocable employment election

Electing at-will status changes removal and appeal protections, while declining it raises the employee contribution rate by five percentage points; the title does not state how either branch will affect recruitment or retention.

Verification and filing controls

OPM must build family-eligibility verification, audit, disenrollment, record-retention, and referral processes, while MSPB must collect and potentially refund a filing fee.

Federal employing agencies

Agencies must explain and administer a consequential irrevocable choice while preserving the prohibited-personnel-practice and other remedies that the text leaves in place.

Office of Personnel Management and MSPB

OPM must verify family status at scale, protect retained records, adjudicate eligibility, and coordinate referrals, while MSPB must administer fees and refunds without obscuring access effects.

Procurement and modernization

Coast Guard and FAA receive multiyear budget authority, but cutters, aircraft, facilities, systems, and trained controllers can be delivered well after obligations and remain subject to acquisition and workforce capacity.

State-collected vehicle fee

State motor-vehicle agencies must classify vehicles, collect the annual fees, and remit amounts monthly to the Highway Trust Fund, and a noncompliant State can face withholding equal to 125 percent of the required remittance.

Coast Guard and Federal Aviation Administration

Shipyard, acquisition, construction, systems-integration, controller-hiring, and training constraints can delay delivery before the fiscal year 2029 funding deadline.

State motor-vehicle agencies

States must identify covered vehicles, modify registration systems, collect and remit fees, and coordinate Federal rules despite variation in State vehicle records and renewal calendars.

Liability and cliffs

Permanent extensions and temporary 2025–2028 or 2029 windows lower qualifying liabilities relative to scheduled law but create several future cliffs.

Classification and reporting

Tip, overtime, senior, and vehicle-interest rules require new substantiation and information reporting and can create boundary or reclassification incentives despite anti-abuse authority.

Investment timing

Full depreciation and temporary domestic research expensing can pull qualifying activity into the statutory windows, but deduction claims do not establish additional real investment.

Internal Revenue Service and Treasury

The agencies must revise forms, withholding, occupation lists, reporting, anti-reclassification, and transition guidance across different dates and definitions.

Employers, lenders, businesses, and taxpayers

Affected parties must identify qualified compensation, domestic vehicle assembly, qualifying property, and research costs and prepare for sunsets.

Evaluators

The bill creates information-return fields but does not require timely public line-item series or a distributional counterfactual.

Credit timing

Early termination and placed-in-service or production deadlines can pull purchases and projects forward, followed by fewer subsidized transactions at the margin; falling claims are mechanical, but deployment effects are not.

Administration and recoupment

New returns, certifications, artificial-intelligence tools, recoupment, earned-income-tax-credit certificates, and penalties increase verification and compliance work; §112204 expressly requires an annual report beginning in 2029.

Debt ceiling

Section 113001 raises legal borrowing capacity but authorizes no spending and sets no debt target or path.

IRS, Treasury, CMS, and affected taxpayers or providers

Administrators and regulated parties must implement interacting definitions, reporting, verification, supply-chain, credit-transition, remittance, and recoupment rules on different dates.

Clean-energy firms and buyers

Firms and buyers face eligibility and timing boundaries, and counts alone cannot separate already-planned activity from activity induced by a credit.

Department of the Treasury

Treasury must manage cash and debt issuance against obligations, while approach to either the old or new ceiling depends on fiscal flows outside §113001.